During the diamond growth process, microscopic impurities or imperfections can become present within the diamond. These imperfections are known as diamond inclusions. Inclusions are extremely common within diamonds and are essentially birthmarks that give each diamond its uniqueness. You may have heard the phrase “no two diamonds are ever alike.” Inclusions are the reason for this, as no two diamonds will have the same number, size, location, and type of inclusions, even if they share the same clarity grade assigned by GIA or IGI.
Inclusions directly impact a diamond's sparkle. Depending on their size, number, location, and type, inclusions can reduce a diamond's sparkle by obstructing light from refracting and passing through the diamond back to your eye. Based on these factors, a diamond’s clarity is subjectively graded and set within a range known as the diamond clarity scale. This scale was created by the GIA and is the industry-wide standard for diamond grading and comparison. The GIA's diamond clarity rating is the most respected for its accuracy and consistency.
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Key Points |
| Clarity Scale |
| Laboratory Grown Diamond Clarity vs Naturally Grown Diamond Clarity |
| Selecting a Clarity |
| Diamond Clarity Popularity |
| Expert Tips |
| How is Clarity Graded |
| Diamond Inclusion Types |
| Sidestones & Accent Diamonds |
Key Points
When evaluating the 4C's, clarity is the third most important characteristic because most imperfections cannot be seen without at least 10 times magnification. (Cut is the most important 4C to consider.) Clarity refers to the tiny, natural imperfections called inclusions. Diamonds with the fewest and smallest inclusions receive the highest clarity grades by GIA.
To maximize your budget, consider an SI quality diamond, knowing it may have very slight inclusions visible to the naked eye upon close examination. Generally, these inclusions are not noticeable.
Clarity refers to the tiny, natural imperfections present in all but the rarest and highest quality diamonds. The fewer the inclusions, the better the clarity, and consequently, the more sparkle and light performance. Gemologists refer to these imperfections by various technical names, including blemishes and inclusions. Because these imperfections tend to be microscopic, they generally do not affect a diamond's beauty in any discernible way.
Clarity Scale
Diamonds range in clarity from FL (Flawless) to I3 (Included). Inclusions are examined at 10x magnification. In higher clarity grades, inclusions can often only be seen under magnification, typically by a diamond expert. However, diamonds with lower clarity grades, which are not considered eye-clean, have inclusions that can be seen with the naked eye.
FL: Flawless
An FL (Flawless) diamond has no inclusions or blemishes, either inside or on its surface. It is extremely rare and serves as an exquisite symbol of perfection. Less than 0.1% of all gem-quality diamonds fall into this category. These diamonds carry the highest premium and are typically found in smaller sizes. With this clarity grade, no inclusions or blemishes can be seen, even under 10x magnification, and those that exist can only be identified by a skilled grader.
IF: Internally Flawless
An IF (Internally Flawless) diamond has no inclusions and may possess very minute, undetectable surface blemishes. It is extremely rare and truly gorgeous. These tiny blemishes, known as minor details of polish, such as polish lines, do not affect the diamond's sparkle. These imperfections can only be found by a skilled grader under 10x magnification.
VVS1: Very, Very Slightly Included 1
A VVS1 (Very Very Slightly Included 1) diamond has extremely small inclusions that are often undetectable even by many diamond professionals under 10x magnification. VVS1 offers a much better value than FL (Flawless) or IF (Internally Flawless) diamonds while still maintaining virtually the same appeal. The diamond's sparkle is unaffected, as the inclusions are so small that they barely impact light performance. The most common VVS1 inclusions are pinpoints and naturals, typically visible only from the pavilion under magnification. To the naked eye, these diamonds appear eye-clean, as the inclusions are not visible. Learn more about VVS diamonds.
VVS2: Very, Very Slightly Included 2
A VVS2 (Very Very Slightly Included 2) diamond has extremely small inclusions that are slightly more visible under magnification than those in a VVS1 diamond. This clarity grade is considered the best value among the higher clarity grades and does not compromise your diamond’s brilliance. Inclusions are rarely found, even under 10x magnification. The most common VVS2 inclusions include clouds, pinpoints, feathers, and naturals. Learn more about VVS diamonds.
VS1: Very Slightly Included 1
A VS1 (Very Slightly Included 1) diamond has very minor inclusions that can be seen only under magnification. The VS clarity range is very popular. Inclusions in VS1 diamonds are not visible to the naked eye and have minimal impact on the diamond's sparkle. The primary factor in grading a VS1 diamond is the size of the grade-setting inclusion. The most common VS1 inclusions include clouds, feathers, needles, crystals, and indented naturals. Learn more about VS diamonds.
VS2: Very Slightly Included 2
A VS2 (Very Slightly Included 2) diamond has very minor inclusions that appear slightly larger than those in a VS1 diamond under magnification. These inclusions are not noticeable to the unaided eye, making VS2 diamonds extremely popular due to their value, allowing you to allocate more of your budget to Cut, Color, or Carat. VS2 diamonds tend to have a few more inclusions than VS1, and while still microscopic, they are slightly larger. Common VS2 inclusions include crystals, feathers, indented naturals, clouds, and twinning wisps. The location of inclusions is not very impactful in VS diamonds. Learn more about VS2 diamonds.
SI1: Slightly Included 1
Additionally, we recommend choosing SI diamonds with multiple smaller inclusions rather than a single large one. A single, larger inclusion must be more visible to classify the diamond as SI clarity. Common inclusions in SI1 (Slightly Included 1) diamonds include crystals, feathers, twinning wisps, clouds, knots, and indented naturals. An SI1 diamond will still sparkle brilliantly, with minor inclusions that may be invisible to the unaided eye. SI1 diamonds are extremely popular because their value allows you to focus your budget on Cut, Color, or Carat. This clarity grade is considered high at a great price.
In SI diamonds, it is recommended to choose those with inclusions that are off-center and closer to the girdle, as these are rarer and often carry a premium. Be wary of single crystals or clouds, as they can be eye-visible or make the diamond look hazy, cloudy, or milky. Always analyze diamonds on a case-by-case basis to ensure you are getting one of excellent quality. Learn more about SI diamonds.
SI2: Slightly Included 2
An SI2 (Slightly Included 2) diamond exhibits high sparkle and contains clarity inclusions that may be visible without magnification when closely examined. However, most SI2 inclusions are undetectable to the naked eye. SI clarity grades generally offer excellent value. Similar to SI1 diamonds, it's advisable to avoid larger, single inclusions. These can be identified on the GIA report through the diamond plot where inclusions are marked or through inclusion comments.
When selecting SI2 diamonds, steer clear of those with grade-setting inclusions such as clouds or large central crystals, which can be more visible without magnification. Crystals in SI diamonds are typically black and thus more noticeable. Common SI2 inclusions include larger crystals, twinning wisps, feathers, clouds, and knots.
I1: Included 1
An I1 (Included 1) diamond will shine brightly despite having visible inclusions. These inclusions can be seen without magnification when the diamond is closely examined, depending on their size and location. I1 clarity grades are often budget-conscious and allow you to achieve a greater carat weight or a desired color grade. Diamonds in this category typically have little to no structural impact from inclusions, but it's advisable to avoid diamonds with a single, larger grade-setting inclusion. Inclusions can sometimes reflect in other diamond facets, making them more noticeable.
Common I1 inclusions include large crystals, feathers, clouds, knots, and other activities. Clarity does not carry any diamonds in the I2 or I3 range, as the inclusions in these grades can significantly detract from the diamond's sparkle and beauty. I2 and I3 diamonds are not recommended for engagement rings. If you must choose an I clarity diamond, it's best to stay within the I1 clarity range. When selecting an I1 diamond, opt for one where the inclusions are scattered or spread throughout the diamond. Large or concentrated inclusions can hinder the diamond's sparkle. Inclusions located on the sides or closer to the edges of the diamond can potentially be covered by prongs.
Another crucial consideration is that I clarity diamonds, even those with clean-looking plots, may appear cloudy or hazy with reduced sparkle. When choosing an I1 diamond, consult with gemologists to understand the diamond's appearance and value before making your purchase.
Pricing Effect
The differences in clarity are more significant than those in color because the clarity scale is smaller. Therefore, diamond prices can vary significantly between clarity grades. Naturally, diamonds with the highest clarity grades are much rarer, leading to substantial price increases. The rarity of finding IF or FL diamonds, where inclusions are often microscopic, contributes to exponential price jumps.
Price differences between diamond clarity grades can range from 15% to 25%, and differences within the same clarity grade can range from 5% to 15%. As mentioned earlier, each diamond is unique, so even diamonds with the same clarity grade can vary. Clarity grades are set within subjective ranges (e.g., greater than SI1 but less than VS1 is VS2), and factors such as the location, size, number, and type of inclusion can impact the price. For example, an SI1 diamond with a visible black crystal under the center of the table will be much less expensive than an SI1 diamond with an eye-clean feather at the corner that can be covered by a prong.
A final consideration on diamond pricing: if a diamond within a clarity grade range is significantly less expensive than others in that range, there is usually a reason for it. Diamond suppliers price their diamonds based on quality, so pursuing the least expensive option may not always be the best strategy.
Laboratory Grown Diamond Clarity vs Naturally Grown Diamond Clarity
Lab diamonds have become an increasingly popular choice for engagement rings and jewelry, especially traditional white (clear) lab diamonds. These diamonds are created in controlled settings using carbon, a diamond seed, high pressure, and high temperature. The two primary methods for producing lab diamonds are High Pressure-High Temperature (HPHT) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD).
Similar to mined diamonds, lab diamonds can develop inclusions during their growth process or during cutting and polishing. It is noted that CVD diamonds often exhibit more silicon inclusions compared to HPHT diamonds.
Is Lab Diamond Clarity better than Natural Diamond Clarity?
When it comes to color and clarity, distinguishing between laboratory-grown diamonds and mined diamonds is very challenging. Both lab-made and natural diamonds possess identical sparkle, physical, and chemical properties. The most reliable method to differentiate them is by comparing their certificates.
At With Clarity, all our diamonds come with an authentic report from an internationally recognized lab. Our lab-grown stones are identified and graded by the International Gemological Institute (IGI) for their cut, finish, proportions, clarity, and color. Natural diamonds from With Clarity are accompanied by authentication reports from the Gemological Institute of America (GIA).
Selecting a Clarity
Our key tips for selecting the right clarity grade:
1. Clarity grade should always be chosen in conjunction with the other 4 C's of diamonds. For example, we do not recommend selecting a D color, I1 clarity diamond. The most popular clarity grades are VS2 and SI1 because they offer the best value without compromising diamond sparkle.
2. Choose diamonds with inclusions that aren't in the absolute center of the diamond. Having more inclusions isn't typically a bad thing.
3. Avoid diamonds with a single large grade-setting inclusion because it is more likely to be visible. In diamonds under 0.75ct, inclusions are smaller and more difficult to identify. For diamonds larger than 0.75ct, consider an SI1 or higher clarity grade to avoid distracting eye-visible inclusions. Additionally, if selecting a lower clarity grade, consider a higher cut grade, as a well-cut diamond can mask clarity-setting inclusions and maintain high sparkle and brilliance.
4. Lastly, diamonds with clarity inclusions that are not in the table or central facet of the diamond are more desirable. Inclusions under the bezel facets or near the girdle are harder to see or can be covered when set in the ring.
5. Consider the diamond shape when selecting clarity. Brilliant cut diamonds like round, princess, cushion, oval, pear, and marquise hide inclusions better than step cuts like asscher and emerald. When purchasing a step-cut diamond, aim for a clarity grade one level better than that of a brilliant cut.
Diamond Clarity Popularity
Lab Diamond vs Natural Diamond Percentage in Inventory (due to demand).
| Clarity Grade | I1 | SI2 | SI1 | VS2 | VS1 | VVS2 | VVS1 | IF |
| Natural Diamond Clarity | 1% | 4% | 7% | 30% | 30% | 26% | 1% | 1% |
| Lab Diamond Clarity | 1% | 5% | 10% | 30% | 28% | 21% | 4% | 1% |
Values are estimated and can vary based on our inventory.
Expert Tips
Select an "eye-clean" diamond (no visible inclusions without magnification). Diamonds of this clarity are an excellent value, much less expensive than flawless (FL) or internally flawless (IF) diamonds, which are extremely rare and command high prices.
For diamonds that are VS2 or below, try to see an image or video of the diamond. Diamonds within the same clarity grade can vary in appearance based on the location and size of the inclusions. The expert eye of a gemologist can help you determine which diamond is better suited for you.
Diamonds under 1.00 carat that are GIA certified have a diamond dossier that does not include a plot of the diamond's inclusions. For these sizes, in clarity grades below VS2, be sure to check with a gemologist if the diamond has any overly visible inclusions. While the diamond certificate provides a good idea of the inclusions, it's always best to double-check.
How is Clarity Graded
Gemologists always grade diamond clarity under 10x magnification, identifying and plotting as many inclusions as possible. For diamonds below 1.00 carat, the GIA issues a smaller report known as a dossier, which does not include a diamond plot. Diamonds larger than 1.00 carat have a diamond plot on the GIA certificate.
Clarity grading is a subjective process where trained gemologists assess the type, size, location, and number of inclusions. They assign a grade based on these factors. The diamond clarity grade is an important consideration regardless of the diamond's size and shape.
Once inclusions are noted and mapped out, a diamond plot is used to document their location and size. The plot is a sketch of the diamond as seen face-up, displayed on the GIA certificate or dossier. Different types of inclusions are represented by various symbols: red for internal inclusions, green for surface blemishes, and black for additional facets. However, the plot may not indicate the severity of the inclusions, so it's crucial to also review the clarity grade.
Additionally, check the comments section on the GIA certificate to understand if there are inclusions noted that are not visible under 10x magnification. Very small inclusions that are not visible are typically mentioned in the comments. As a rule of thumb, a diamond with a busy-looking plot or numerous inclusion markings may be less desirable.
Diamond Inclusion Types
Inclusions are natural, tiny imperfections that form either naturally or during the diamond cutting process. The majority of inclusions are naturally found within diamonds and are used to identify and distinguish diamonds. Here are the types of diamond inclusions you may find in a diamond or on a GIA grading report. All natural diamonds will have inclusions; it is immensely rare to find a diamond with no inclusions, and these diamonds carry a premium.
| Inclusion Type | Description |
| Feather | A feather is a clarity inclusion that describes a break in the surface of a gemstone extending inside. It is a common characteristic that can occur naturally. Feathers can appear transparent and almost invisible, or they may have a grayish or white appearance under certain angles and lighting conditions. Feathers that are more visible detract from the clarity of the diamond. It's advisable to avoid very large feathers near the surface or girdle of the diamond, as these can be more noticeable. |
| Crystal | A crystal is a clarity inclusion that forms during the diamond growth process within a diamond and is used to determine the clarity grade. Crystals can exist in various colors within the diamond, with black and white being the most common. White crystals are generally less distracting or visible. However, be cautious if your diamond has black crystals, especially larger ones, as these can be obvious even without magnification. Black crystals result from embedded carbon. Other colored crystals are much rarer within diamonds. |
| Cloud | A cloud is a clarity inclusion that describes a group of tiny pinpoints within the diamond, too small to individually distinguish under 10x magnification. It can give a slightly hazy appearance where located within the diamond. Smaller clouds are typically not a major issue. However, when clouds cover a significant area of the diamond, they can create an undesirable veil of haze that diminishes the sparkle. This haze can be hard to detect, but when comparing two magnified diamonds—one cloudy and the other clear—the difference is more apparent. |
| Pinpoint | A pinpoint is a very small crystal inclusion that appears as a tiny dot under 10x magnification. Pinpoints are usually quite small and require magnification to be visible. |
| Natural | A natural is a small remnant of the rough diamond's original surface that remains after the cutting and manufacturing process. Naturals are typically located on or near the diamond's girdle. |
| Indented Natural | An indented natural is a portion of a diamond's natural, rough skin that remains on a polished diamond during the manufacturing process to maintain diamond weight. It differs from a natural in that it slightly protrudes inward. Typically, an indented natural occurs when a part of the rough diamond is intentionally left unpolished during the cutting process. Indented naturals can be found near the girdle of diamonds. |
| Needle | A needle is a thin crystal that resembles a needle and is found inside the diamond. It is visually needle-like, often as thick as a pinpoint but longer like a feather. Needles are typically white or transparent. Single needles are less noticeable. However, when in clusters or closely packed together, needles can negatively affect the clarity of the diamond. |
| Knot | A knot is a crystal inclusion that extends to the surface of a diamond. Larger knots are not desirable as they are very visible even without magnification. |
| Chip | A chip is a small nick or opening that occurs on the surface of a diamond, often on the edges. Chips typically result from wear and tear or manufacturing accidents. It's advisable to avoid diamonds with large chips. |
| Cavity | A cavity is an opening created when part of a feather breaks away during the diamond manufacturing process, as a small piece falls or breaks away while shaping the diamond. Small cavities are not typically problematic, but larger ones should be avoided. |
| Twinning Wisp | A twinning wisp is a clarity inclusion formed by a series of clouds, pinpoints, or crystals within a diamond. It may appear as a large marking on a diamond plot but is often difficult to see. Twinning wisps are the result of irregularities in the crystal structure of the diamond that occur during its formation. They form when the diamond undergoes interruptions and restarts during its growth process. Twinning wisps are generally considered more desirable than crystals as inclusions. |
| Internal Grading | Internal graining lines are sometimes visible under 10x magnification and result from irregular crystallization. They cannot be polished away and follow no particular pattern, often crossing facet junctions. Graining is typically caused by uneven crystal growth within the diamond and can resemble white or colored lines. When larger, they may appear as larger creases. |
| Surface Graining | Surface graining refers to transparent line-like formations on the surface of a diamond caused by irregularities in its crystal structure. Surface graining can be difficult to identify, even under magnification. |
| Etched Channel | An etched channel is a narrow and small tunnel found on the diamond's surface that extends into the body of the diamond. This natural inclusion can resemble internal laser drill treatment but occurs naturally when diamonds are brought to the Earth's surface. When assessing the impact of an etched channel, consider the clarity grade of the diamond to understand how much it affects its appearance. |
Below are examples of the most common inclusions found in real diamonds. Keep in mind that diamonds viewed under magnification will always show some imperfections. It's advisable to consult with a With Clarity gemologist to understand the actual impact of these inclusions on the diamond's beauty.
Sidestones & Accent Diamonds
One critical aspect to consider in jewelry purchases is the quality of sidestones and accent diamonds, especially in three-stone rings or those with larger accents. It's essential that gemologists inspect and carefully select matching stones. If the stones don't match well, the jewelry can appear odd and unappealing. Larger diamonds tend to have more visible inclusions, so it's important to ensure that your accent stones match well, especially in halo ring settings. The choice of metal should not affect the clarity selection as it primarily relates to color.